基于有效积温的中国水稻生长模型的构建

有效积温是指作物生长至某一生育阶段所需要积累的有效温度,是反映气象条件对作物生长影响的主要指标,研究有效积温对作物生长过程的影响对提高农业生产效率具有重要意义。该文以有效积温作为气象因子,收集中国气象数据网中的气象数据和已发表的学术论文中的水稻生长数据,建立了描述水稻生长过程的叶面积指数和干物质积累量的普适Logistic模型,并研究了水稻最大叶面积指数与最大干物质积累量、收获指数(作物经济产量与生物产量的比值)及降水量之间的关系。结果表明:有效积温为1000℃左右时,水稻叶面积指数最大,且此时干物质增长速率最大;水稻最大叶面积指数与最大干物质积累量之间表现为线性关系;最大叶面积指数和收获指数、降水量之间为二次抛物线关系,当降水量为670.5 mm时,最大叶面积指数为7.93,对应的水稻收获指数达到最大值0.50。该研究对于构建其他作物的生长模型具有一定的参考意义。     

Effects of arrangement of surge-rootirrigation emitters on growth,yield andwater use efficiency of apple trees

Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment. The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards. There were three factors: the buried depth H( 25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L( 30,40,60 cm) between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N( 1,2,4). The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency( IWUE) of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75% of the field water capacity. The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28 388. 17 kg/hm2 and 16. 83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively. At the same L and N levels( T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22% and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02% and 18.12% compared with T3,respectively. At the same H and N levels( T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level. Especially,when L was 30 cm( T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest. The same L and H levels( T3,T6,and T7) could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2( T3). Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%. Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.     

Reproductive performance of the generalist predator Hypoaspis aculeifer (Acari: Gamasida) when foraging on different invertebrate prey

In this study, we assessed the influence of prey quality and prey biomass during a standardized 3-week test on adult survival and reproductive output of the predatory mite Hypoaspis aculeifer when fed one of six different diets: springtails (Folsomia candida and Folsomia fimetaria), a storage mite (Caloglyphus cf. michaeli), an oligochaete (Enchytraeus crypticus), a nematode (Turbatrix silusiae), and a 1:1:1 mix of F. candida:F. fimetaria:E. crypticus. Our results revealed that a single prey species may be nutritionally sufficient for a 3-week period, as H. aculeifer performed equally well, or better, on a diet based on a 1:1:1 mix of F. candida:F. fimetaria:E. crypticus. However, when fed C. cf. michaeli, H. aculeifer had a poor reproductive output (<200 juveniles) and a reduced survival (60–70%). Thus, investigators should validate their choice of prey prior to testing H. aculeifer performance during toxicant exposure.     

添加γ-聚谷氨酸减少土壤水分深层渗漏提高持水能力

γ-聚谷氨酸(Poly-γ-glutamic acid,γ-PGA)是一种高分子聚合物,具有超强的吸水能力和生物降解性。为探明γ-PGA在土壤改良方面的应用及对土壤水分运动的影响,该文基于室内垂直一维入渗土柱试验,研究了不同γ-PGA施量配比(0、0.5%、1%、2%、4%)对土壤水分入渗及持水特性的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加4%的γ-PGA的累积入渗量、入渗率和湿润锋分别减少了57.95%、53.89%、59.58%;四种入渗模型参数的模拟结果显示,与对照组相比,随着γ-PGA施量的增加,Kostiakov公式中的经验系数从0.808减小到0.538,经验指数从0.530增大到0.623;Philip入渗公式中的吸渗率从0.704减小到0.292;Green-Ampt公式中,饱和导水率从0.0043减小到0.0011 cm/min,湿润区有效的土壤水扩散率从1.19减小到0.16 cm~2/min,湿润锋处的土壤水吸力无明显变化;垂直一维入渗代数模型中,饱和导水率从0.0044减小到0.001 cm/min,非饱和土壤吸力分配系数和土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率综合形状系数均无明显变化趋势。土壤的持水特性结果表明:随着γ-PGA施量的增加,土壤饱和含水率增加,且与对照相比,表层土壤(0~10 cm土层)的含水率呈显著增加趋势,深层土壤(≥10~40 cm土层)的含水率则呈减小趋势。同时,湿润土层的厚度逐渐减小,说明γ-PGA不仅可增强土壤的持水能力,而且还可改变土壤剖面水分的分布形态,使更多水分蓄积在作物根区土层区域。该研究为γ-PGA的田间土壤改良及应用提供了理论支撑。     

羧甲基纤维素钠对土壤团粒结构及水分运动特性的影响

土壤改良剂的应用研究对改善土壤环境,促进作物生长有着重要意义。该文通过向土壤中添加不同质量的羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose,简称CMC),研究了不同含量的CMC对土壤团粒结构及水分运动的影响。结果表明:随着CMC含量的增大,土壤水稳性团聚体含量增大,土壤分形维数减小,土壤黏粒和粉粒比例减少,砂粒比例增多,黏粒和粉粒均与土壤分形维数呈正相关关系,砂粒与分形维数呈负相关关系,黏粒含量对土壤分形维数影响最为显著,土壤中0.1 mm的颗粒含量减少,而≥0.1 mm的颗粒含量均有不同程度的增加;随CMC含量的增大,土壤的入渗能力减弱,稳定入渗率显著减小,Philip公式中吸渗率减小,Kostiakov公式中的经验系数减小,经验指数增大;随着CMC含量的增大,土壤的持水能力增强,van Genuchten公式中土壤滞留含水率、饱和含水率及与进气值相关的系数均有所增大,形状系数逐渐减小。该研究对可为CMC的田间土壤改良应用提供理论依据。     

A multiple regression approach to assess the spatial distribution of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) at the regional scale (Flanders,Belgium)

Estimates of the amount of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) at the regional scale are important to better understand the role of the SOC reservoir in global climate and environmental issues. This study presents a method for estimating the total SOC stock using data from Flanders (Belgium). More than 6900 SOC measurements from the national soil survey (database ‘Aardewerk’) are combined with a digital land use map and a digital soil map of Flanders. The spatial distribution of the SOC stock is studied in its relation to factors such as soil texture, soil moisture (drainage class) and land use. The resulting map with a resolution of 15 m consists of different classes forming a combination of these environmental factors. The results show that the lowest SOC amount (kg m^? 2) is stored under cropland whereas the highest amount is found under grassland. Regarding the effect of soil properties, a significant correlation between SOC stock and depth of the ground water table is observed. Sandy loam soils stock the lowest SOC amount (kg m^? 2), whereas clay soils retain the highest SOC amount. First, the mean SOC amounts of the land use–soil type classes are calculated and assigned to the corresponding cells in order to obtain a total SOC stock with its spatial distribution for Flanders. Then, a multiple regression model is applied to predict the SOC value of a particular land use–soil type class on the map. This model is based on the observed relationships between SOC and land use–soil type characteristics, using the entire dataset. The first approach does not allow to obtain a (reliable) SOC value for all land use–soil type classes due to a lack of samples in some classes. A major advantage of the regression model approach is the attribution of class specific SOC values to each land use–soil type class, regardless of the number of observations in the classes. Consequently, by applying the model approach instead of the mean approach, the area for which a reliable SOC estimate could be obtained increased by 8.1% (from 9420 km² to 10179 km²) and the total predicted SOC stock increased by 10.1% (from 88.7 ± 5.6 Mt C to 97.6 ± 1.1 Mt C).     

新疆包头湖灌区农田土壤水盐热特性空间变异特征

土壤作为高度变异体,其大尺度下的土壤水盐热分布特征具有空间变异性。为了探究大尺度下的土壤水、盐、热的空间分布特征及空间变异性,以新疆包头湖区域为例,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,对土壤水盐热参数的空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:土壤含水率、导热率及热容量均属于中等偏弱变异程度,土壤含盐量为强变异程度;土壤含水率、含盐量、导热率的半方差函数均可用高斯模型进行拟合,热容量的半方差函数可用指数函数进行拟合;含水率、含盐量、导热率、热容量同一深度各自变量之间均具有较强的空间依赖性,随机因素占总变异程度较低,最大相关距离在2 600~3 900 m。该研究为当地农业灌溉及精细农业的生产提供一定参考。     

羟丙甲纤维素对土壤水分入渗特性及水稳性团聚体的影响

通过向土壤中施加不同含量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(简称HPMC),研究了HPMC对土壤水分入渗特性及土壤水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤中施加一定量的HPMC可以显著降低土壤入渗能力,在施加量为0～1.0g/kg范围内,累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离和入渗率均随施加HPMC含量的增加而显著减小;利用Philip方程和Kostiakov公式对实测数据进行拟合发现,两者均能较好模拟施加HPMC后土壤的入渗过程,随HPMC施加量的增加,吸渗率S、稳渗率A和经验系数K明显减小,经验指数β逐渐增大。(2)随HPMC含量的增加,0.25mm的水稳性团聚体百分比明显增大,供试土壤的分形维数逐渐减小,其平均重量直径与水稳性团聚体含量间呈显著正相关关系,表明施加HPMC之后,土壤结构更趋于稳定,土壤抗破坏和抗侵蚀能力增强。HPMC加入土壤后具有明显的减渗效果,一定程度上可以增加水稳性团聚体含量,改良土壤结构,并提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力。     

模拟降雨条件下纳米碳对黄土坡面养分流失的影响

基于野外人工模拟降雨试验,初步研究了90mm/h的降雨强度下,条施不同纳米碳含量(质量含量分别为0,0.01,0.05,0.07,0.10kg/kg)对黄土坡面水分及养分流失调控的影响。结果表明:(1)纳米碳含量对降雨入渗过程及坡面产流量有显著影响,随着纳米碳含量的增大,平均入渗率呈增大趋势,而径流量呈减小趋势。(2)与对照相比较,纳米碳的存在可显著缓解土壤侵蚀。纳米碳的质量比为0.01,0.05,0.07,0.10kg/kg的小区可分别降低坡面径流量40%,41%,68%和74%,降低坡面产沙量为27%,50%,68%和79%。(3)条施纳米碳可以有效保持黄土坡面土壤养分含量。与对照组相比较,纳米碳的质量比为0.01,0.05,0.07,0.10kg/kg的小区分别降低径流氮的流失量为47%,52%,74%和79%,降低泥沙氮的流失量为10%,60%,74%,87%;分别降低径流磷的流失量为63%,63%,88%和86%,降低泥沙磷的流失量为29%,56%,86%,83%;分别降低径流钾的流失量为43%,46%,81%和83%,降低泥沙钾的流失量为25%,62%,78%,87%。     

短坡坡长变化对坡地风沙土产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

通过野外水流冲刷试验,对比分析了不同坡长条件下坡面产流产沙及氮磷流失特征。结果表明,上方来水流量一定时,坡长越长,其坡面入渗量越大,径流量越小,且存在一个临界坡长,使得径流量和入渗量相当,累计径流量与坡长是负线性关系。随着坡长增加,产沙量增大,单位坡长的泥沙流失量在各坡长条件下差异并不显著(P0.05)。累计泥沙量随着坡长增大而增大;幂函数比指数函数能更好的描述硝态氮和水溶性磷浓度变化过程;泥沙中硝态氮和有效磷的含量整体上随时间呈减小趋势。坡长越长,其养分富集率越大;随着坡长增大,存在一个临界坡长使得养分流失总量最大;土壤剖面硝态氮含量分布随着深度增大呈现出峰值特征,但是峰值存在的深度不同。土壤剖面有效磷主要积聚表层5cm以上,5cm以下有效磷含量极低。研究结果对进一步分析坡长对水土养分流失的影响具有参考价值。